Atomic Structure

Who discovered the electron and determined its charge-to-mass ratio ( $e/m$ )?

What is the value of the charge-to-mass ratio ( $e/m$ ) for an electron?

Which experiment was used to determine the charge on an electron?

How do cathode rays behave in the absence of electrical or magnetic fields?

Does the nature of cathode rays depend on the gas present in the tube?

Unlike cathode rays, on what factor do positively charged canal rays depend?

What was the main conclusion of Rutherford's $\alpha$ -particle scattering experiment regarding the atom's structure?

What is the approximate relationship between the radius of the atom and the radius of the nucleus?

Define Isotopes.

Define Isobars.

If an ion has mass number 56, 3 units of positive charge, and 30.4% more neutrons than electrons, what is the symbol?

What is the relationship between frequency ( $\nu$ ), wavelength ( $\lambda$ ), and speed of light ( $c$ )?

What is the value of Planck's constant ( $h$ )?

According to Planck, energy ( $E$ ) of a quantum of radiation is given by which formula?

What is the threshold frequency ( $\nu_0$ )?

Write Einstein's photoelectric equation relating kinetic energy of ejected electron to incident frequency.

Does the kinetic energy of ejected photoelectrons depend on the brightness (intensity) of light?

What type of spectrum is observed when white light is passed through an absorbing sample?

What is the formula for the wavenumber ( $\bar{\nu}$ ) of lines in the hydrogen spectrum (Rydberg formula)?

Which series of the hydrogen spectrum appears in the visible region?

Which series of the hydrogen spectrum appears in the ultraviolet region?

What are the values of $n_1$ and $n_2$ for the Paschen series?

What is the quantization condition for angular momentum in Bohr's model?

What is the formula for the radius of the $n$ th orbit in a hydrogen-like species?

What is the energy of an electron in the $n$ th orbit of a Hydrogen atom (in Joules)?

What does the negative sign in the energy expression of an electron signify?

What is the energy expression for hydrogen-like ions (He$^+$, Li$^{2+}$)?

Calculate the radius of the first orbit of $He^+$ ( $n=1, Z=2$ ).

What are two major limitations of Bohr's model?

Write the de Broglie equation relating wavelength and momentum.

Why is the wave nature of macroscopic objects not observable?

State the mathematical expression for Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

What does Heisenberg's principle imply about the "trajectory" of an electron?

"In the Quantum Mechanical model, what does the square of the wave function ( $|\psi|^2$ ) represent?"

What information does the Principal Quantum Number ( $n$ ) provide?

What does the Azimuthal Quantum Number ( $l$ ) define?

For a given value of $n$ , what are the possible values of $l$ ?

Which orbital corresponds to $n=3$ and $l=2$ ?

What is the total number of orbitals in a shell with principal quantum number $n$ ?

What does the Magnetic Quantum Number ( $m_l$ ) designate?

How many orbitals are there in a $d$ -subshell ( $l=2$ )?

How many nodes (radial nodes) does an orbital have in general?

How many angular nodes does a $p$ orbital have?

What is the shape of an $s$ -orbital?

What is the shape of a $p$ -orbital?

Which $d$ -orbital has a shape different from the other four (doughnut shape)?

State the Aufbau Principle.

State Pauli's Exclusion Principle.

State Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity.

Which rule determines the energy order of orbitals in multi-electron atoms?

In the case of H-atom, what determines the energy of the orbital?

Why is the electronic configuration of Chromium (Cr) $3d^5 4s^1$ instead of $3d^4 4s^2$ ?

What is the electronic configuration of Copper (Cu, Z=29)?

What is Exchange Energy?

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a subshell with azimuthal quantum number $l$ ?

How many electrons can be accommodated in the shell with $n=4$ ?

Which orbital is filled after $4p$ ?

What is the splitting of spectral lines in a magnetic field called?

What is the splitting of spectral lines in an electric field called?

What are the "core electrons"?