GOC and POC

Who proposed the 'Vital Force Theory' stating organic compounds couldn't be synthesized in the lab?

Which was the first organic compound synthesized from an inorganic source, and by whom?

What is the hybridization and shape of the carbon atom in methane (CH4​)?

What is the hybridization and shape of the carbon atoms in ethene (C2​H4​)?

What is the hybridization and shape of the carbon atoms in ethyne (C2​H2​)?

How does s-character in hybrid orbitals affect electronegativity?

What is the characteristic feature of π bond formation regarding orbital orientation?

In wedge-and-dash representation, what does the solid wedge indicate?

In wedge-and-dash representation, what does the dashed wedge indicate?

What are Alicyclic compounds?

What are Heterocyclic compounds?

Define a Homologous Series.

What is the order of priority for functional groups: Alcohol, Ketone, Aldehyde, Carboxylic Acid?

What is the IUPAC suffix for the −CHO group?

What is the IUPAC prefix for the −OR group?

How are substituents numbered in a benzene ring if there are three or more?

What is Metamerism?

Pentane, Isopentane, and Neopentane are examples of which type of isomerism?

Propan-1-ol and Propan-2-ol are examples of which type of isomerism?

What is Heterolytic Cleavage?

What species is formed when a carbon atom possesses a sextet of electrons and a positive charge?

What is the order of stability of alkyl carbocations?

What is the hybridization and shape of the positively charged carbon in a carbocation?

What is Homolytic Cleavage?

What is the order of stability of alkyl free radicals?

Define a Nucleophile.

Define an Electrophile.

What is the Inductive Effect?

Give examples of electron-withdrawing groups (-I effect).

Give examples of electron-donating groups (+I effect).

What is Resonance Energy?

What characterizes the +R (Positive Resonance) Effect?

What characterizes the -R (Negative Resonance) Effect?

What is the Electromeric Effect?

What is Hyperconjugation?

Why is the tert-butyl cation $(CH_3)_3C^+$more stable than the ethyl cation?

What is Sublimation used for?

What is the principle of Crystallization?

When is Fractional Distillation used?

What is Distillation under reduced pressure used for?

What is Steam Distillation used for?

What is the principle of Chromatography?

In Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), what is the retardation factor (Rf​)?

What is the purpose of Lassaigne's Test?

In Lassaigne's test, what is the compound fused with?

What is the test for Nitrogen in Lassaigne's extract?

What is the formula of the Prussian Blue complex?

How is Sulphur detected using Sodium Nitroprusside?

If both N and S are present, what color is obtained in Lassaigne's test?

How are Halogens detected in Lassaigne's extract?

What indicates the presence of Phosphorus?

How are Carbon and Hydrogen estimated?

Which substance absorbs water in C & H estimation?

Which substance absorbs CO2​ in C & H estimation?

What is the Dumas Method used for?

What is the Kjeldahl's Method used for?

For which compounds is Kjeldahl's method not applicable?

What is the Carius Method used for?

In Sulphur estimation, what is the precipitate weighed?

How is Oxygen usually estimated?

Who proposed the 'Vital Force Theory', and who disproved it by synthesizing Urea?

Write the reaction for the first synthesis of an organic compound from an inorganic one.

What is the hybridization and geometry of Carbon in Methane ( $CH_4$ )?

What is the hybridization and geometry of Carbon in Ethene ( $C_2H_4$ )?

What is the hybridization and geometry of Carbon in Ethyne ( $C_2H_2$ )?

Compare the bond length and strength of $sp^3$ , $sp^2$ , and $sp$ hybridized carbon bonds.

How does the percentage of s-character affect electronegativity?

What type of orbital overlap forms a $\pi$ (pi) bond?

What are Alicyclic compounds?

What are Heterocyclic compounds?

Give an example of a Non-benzenoid aromatic compound mentioned in the text.

Identify the parent chain length for: $CH_3-CH(CH_3)-CH_2-CH(CH_2CH_3)-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3$ .

What is the correct priority order for these functional groups: $-OH, -CHO, -COOH, -COR$ ?

What is the IUPAC name for $CH_3COCH_3$ ?

What is the IUPAC prefix and suffix for the Nitrile group ( $-CN$ )?

What is the structure of the Neopentyl group?

Define Metamerism with an example.

What type of isomerism is shown by Propan-1-ol and Propan-2-ol?

What type of isomerism is shown by Ethanol ( $C_2H_5OH$ ) and Dimethyl ether ( $CH_3OCH_3$ )?

What is Heterolytic Cleavage?

What is the shape and hybridization of the carbon in a methyl carbocation ( $\overset{+}{C}H_3$ )?

Arrange alkyl carbocations in increasing order of stability.

What is Homolytic Cleavage and what does it generate?

Arrange alkyl free radicals in increasing order of stability.

Define a Nucleophile.

Define an Electrophile.

What is the Inductive Effect (I-effect)?

Which effect explains the acidity order: $Cl_3CCOOH > Cl_2CHCOOH > ClCH_2COOH$ ?

What is the Resonance Effect (R-effect)?

Give examples of groups showing +R effect (electron donating via resonance).

Give examples of groups showing -R effect (electron withdrawing via resonance).

What is the Electromeric Effect (E-effect)?

What is Hyperconjugation?

Why is the ethyl cation ( $CH_3CH_2^+$ ) more stable than the methyl cation?

What is the principle of Sublimation?

What is the principle of Crystallization?

When is Fractional Distillation used?

What is Distillation under Reduced Pressure used for?

What is Steam Distillation used for?

What is the principle of Differential Extraction?

Define Adsorption Chromatography and give two types.

Define Partition Chromatography and give an example.

What is the formula for the Retardation Factor ( $R_f$ )?

Why is organic compound fused with Sodium metal (Lassaigne’s Test)?

What is the confirmatory test for Nitrogen?

What is the confirmatory test for Sulphur using Lead Acetate?

What is the confirmatory test for Sulphur using Sodium Nitroprusside?

What happens if both N and S are present in Lassaigne's test?

How do you detect Chlorine in Lassaigne's extract?

How do you detect Bromine in Lassaigne's extract?

How do you detect Iodine in Lassaigne's extract?

How is Phosphorus detected?

How are Carbon and Hydrogen estimated?

What is the principle of Dumas Method for N estimation?

What is the principle of Kjeldahl's Method for N estimation?

Where is Kjeldahl's method not applicable?

What is the Carius Method used for?

In Sulphur estimation, what is the precipitate formed and weighed?

How is Oxygen estimated directly?

What is the formula for % Nitrogen in Dumas Method?