Haloalkanes

What are geminal dihalides?

What are vicinal dihalides?

Define allylic halides.

Define benzylic halides.

Define vinylic halides.

Define aryl halides.

What is the common name for $CH_2Cl_2$ ?

What is the common name for $CHCl_3$ ?

What is the common name for $CHBr_3$ ?

What is the common name for $CCl_4$ ?

Compare the C-X bond length of $CH_3F$ , $CH_3Cl$ , $CH_3Br$ , and $CH_3I$ .

Compare the dipole moments of $CH_3Cl$ , $CH_3F$ , $CH_3Br$ , and $CH_3I$ .

Why is thionyl chloride ( $SOCl_2$ ) preferred for preparing alkyl halides from alcohols?

What is the order of reactivity of alcohols with a given haloacid?

What catalyst is required for the reaction of primary and secondary alcohols with HCl?

How are alkyl iodides typically prepared from alcohols?

Why are aryl halides NOT prepared from phenols using HX?

What is the major product of free radical chlorination of alkanes?

What catalyst is used for electrophilic substitution of arenes with $Cl_2$ or $Br_2$ ?

Why is an oxidizing agent ( $HNO_3$ or $HIO_4$ ) required during electrophilic iodination of arenes?

Describe Sandmeyer’s reaction.

How is aryl iodide prepared from diazonium salt?

Explain Finkelstein reaction.

Explain Swarts reaction.

What rule governs the addition of HX to unsymmetrical alkenes?

How is the presence of a double bond detected using bromine?

Why do alkyl halides have higher boiling points than parent hydrocarbons?

What is the order of boiling points for alkyl halides with the same alkyl group?

How does branching affect the boiling point of isomeric haloalkanes?

Why does p-dichlorobenzene have a higher melting point than o- and m-isomers?

What happens in an $S_N2$ reaction mechanism?

What is "inversion of configuration"?

What is the order of reactivity for alkyl halides in $S_N2$ reactions?

What happens in an $S_N1$ reaction mechanism?

What is the rate-determining step in $S_N1$ reaction?

What is the order of reactivity for alkyl halides in $S_N1$ reactions?

Why do allylic and benzylic halides show high reactivity in $S_N1$ reactions?

Compare the reactivity of R-I, R-Br, R-Cl, R-F in nucleophilic substitution.

Define a chiral carbon (asymmetric carbon).

What are enantiomers?

What is a racemic mixture?

Define retention of configuration.

What is the outcome of the reaction of haloalkanes with aqueous KOH?

What is the outcome of the reaction of haloalkanes with alcoholic KOH?

Why does KCN react with haloalkanes to give alkyl cyanides (nitriles)?

Why does AgCN react with haloalkanes to give isocyanides (isonitriles)?

State Zaitsev's rule (Saytzeff rule).

What is the Grignard reagent?

Why must Grignard reagents be prepared under anhydrous conditions?

What is the Wurtz reaction?

Why are aryl halides less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution?

Under what conditions does chlorobenzene react with NaOH to form phenol (Dow's Process)?

How does the presence of electron-withdrawing groups ( $-NO_2$ ) affect nucleophilic substitution in haloarenes?

Why does the presence of $-NO_2$ at meta position NOT increase reactivity significantly?

What is the major product of electrophilic substitution (e.g., chlorination) in chlorobenzene?

Describe the Wurtz-Fittig reaction.

Describe the Fittig reaction.

What is Freon-12?

What is DDT?

Why is chloroform stored in dark bottles?