Classification of carboxylic acidsNomenclature (IUPAC and common names)Structure and bonding in carboxylic acidsMethods of preparationPhysical propertiesChemical propertiesAcidity of carboxylic acidsReactions with basesReaction with carbonates and bicarbonatesEsterificationReduction of carboxylic acidsDecarboxylationSubstitution reactions at α-carbonHalogenation (Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction)Reactions with ammonia and aminesReactions with alcoholsSubstitution and addition reactionsDerivatives of carboxylic acids (acid chloridesanhydridesestersamides)Uses of carboxylic acidsBiological importanceTests for carboxylic acidsDicarboxylic acids and aromatic carboxylic acids