The effect of addition of helium gas to the following reaction at constant volume in equilibrium state is:

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Key Concept: Adding an inert gas at constant volume does not change the partial pressures (or concentrations) of any reacting species.

Step 1 — Effect on partial pressures:
At constant volume, adding He increases total pressure but the partial pressures of , , and  remain unchanged.

Step 2 — Effect on equilibrium:

Since no partial pressure changes,  equilibrium is unaffected.

Note: If He were added at constant pressure, the equilibrium would shift forward (mole fraction of reactants increase

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