INTERACTIVE SIMULATION
Bond Angle Simulator
Explore how electronegativity, lone pairs, and orbital hybridization shape bond angles. Watch VSEPR theory, Bent's Rule, and Drago's Rule come alive with interactive molecular visualizations.
Group 15 & 16 Hydrides
Phosphorus Halides
Anomaly Challenges
Group 15 Hydrides (EN ↓ down group)
As we move down the group, the central atom's electronegativity decreases and its orbitals become larger. The bond pairs are pulled further from the center, decreasing bond-pair repulsion and allowing the lone pair to crush the angle. Drago's rule collapses angles near 90° for P, As, and Sb.
Periodic Trends
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