p-block Group 13 & 14

What is the general valence electronic configuration of Group 13?

Name the elements in the Boron Family.

Which element is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust?

Why does Boron have high melting and boiling points?

What is the trend for atomic radius in Group 13?

Why is the atomic radius of $Ga$ smaller than $Al$?

State the trend for 1st Ionisation Enthalpy in Group 13.

Why does $Tl$ have a higher ionisation enthalpy than $Al$?

What is the electronegativity trend for Group 13?

Which Group 13 element has the lowest melting point?

Why can Gallium be used in high-temperature thermometry?

Which Group 13 element forms only covalent compounds?

What oxidation states are shown by Gallium, Indium, and Thallium?

How does the stability of the $+3$ oxidation state change down Group 13?

How does the stability of the $+1$ oxidation state change down Group 13?

What is the "Inert Pair Effect"?

Which is more stable: $Tl^+$ or $Tl^{3+}$?

Which is more ionic: compounds in $+1$ or $+3$ oxidation state?

What products are formed when Group 13 elements react with air?

Why is Aluminium stable in air and water?

What is the trend for the acidic nature of Group 13 oxides?

What happens when Boron is fused with alkali?

What is the nature of $Al$ and $Ga$ oxides?

Arrange the boron trihalides ( $BF_3$ , $BCl_3$ , $BBr_3$ , $BI_3$ ) in increasing order of Lewis acidic strength.

Why is $BF_3$ the weakest acid despite Fluorine being the most electronegative halogen?

What is the formula of the Hexaaqua aluminium (III) ion?

What is the formula of the Tetrahydroxy aluminate (III) ion?

The most common ore of Boron.

Similar to Borax but with less water of crystallization.

A calcium borate ore.

Naturally occurring boric acid found in volcanic vents.

Which Group 13 element does not form trihalides?

Are Group 13 fluorides ionic or covalent?

What is the nature of anhydrous $AlCl_3$?

Why is a solution of $AlCl_3$ acidic?

What is the Lewis acid strength order for Boron trihalides?

Why is $BF_3$ a weaker Lewis acid than $BCl_3$?

What is the maximum covalency of Boron?

Why can other Group 13 elements show a covalency of 6?

With which element does Boron show a diagonal relationship?

How does the reactivity of Boron differ from Al towards air ?

What are the conditions for the laboratory preparation of Diborane?

What is the industrial method for preparing Diborane?

What happens when Diborane ($B_2H_6$) reacts with water?

What is "Inorganic Benzene"?

How is Borazine formed?

What types of bonds are in Diborane?

What is the correct chemical formula for Borax?

Borax is a light brown crystalline solid, which dissolves in water to give a neutral solution - True/False

What is "Borax glass"?

Borax Bead Test (Action of Heat) What happens when Borax is heated strongly on a platinum loop?

What are the components of a "Borax Bead"?

What is the color of the Cobalt borax bead?

What is the color of the Chromium borax bead?

Is Orthoboric acid a protic acid?

How does Orthoboric acid act as an acid?

What is the structure of Orthoboric acid?

What happens when $H_3BO_3$ is heated to $100^\circ C$?

Orthoboric acid has layered structures with hexagon rings. How many atoms are these in one hexagon ring ?

Why can't $H_3BO_3$ be titrated with $NaOH$ directly, and how does adding vicinal cis-diols (like glycerol or catechol) facilitate the titratio...

How is Boric Acid prepared from Borax?

Describe the reaction of Diborane ( $B_2H_6$ ) with air. Is it endothermic or exothermic?

What products are obtained when Diborane is treated with water?

What is the product of heating Orthoboric acid to red heat?

Above what temperature does $AlCl_3$ exist as a monomer?

What is the hybridization of $Al$ in the $Al_2Cl_6$ dimer?

What is the hybridization of $Al$ in the $AlCl_3$ monomer?

Name the elements in Group 14 (Carbon Family).

What is the valence electronic configuration of Group 14?

Which Group 14 elements are non-metals?

What is the trend for melting points in Group 14?

Why does the 1st Ionisation Enthalpy increase from $Sn$ to $Pb$?

What are the common oxidation states for Group 14?

What is the stability order for the $+4$ oxidation state in Group 14?

What is the stability order for the $+2$ oxidation state in Group 14?

Why does Carbon show the maximum property of catenation?

Why do the first elements of p-block groups (like B, C, N) differ in reactivity from the rest of their group?

Why does Aluminium show only the +3 oxidation state and not +1?

Which reactions prove that Aluminium is amphoteric?

Why do white fumes appear around a bottle of anhydrous aluminium chloride?

State the specific uses of Boron fibres and the $^{10}B$ isotope.

List the major amphoteric oxides and hydroxides for Boron and Carbon families.

Why is Lead (Pb) unaffected by water?

Why does $PbI_4$ not exist?

Most Group 14 tetrahalides ( $MX_4$ ) are covalent. Which ones are exceptions (ionic)?

Why does $SiCl_4$ hydrolyse easily while $CCl_4$ does not?

What is the primary use of Silica Gel?

Why is $CO_2$ a gas but $SiO_2$ a high-melting solid?

What is the hybridization of Carbon in Diamond?

What is the $C-C$ bond length in Diamond?

Why is Diamond an electrical insulator?

What is the hybridization of Carbon in Graphite?

What is the distance between layers in Graphite?

Why is Graphite a good conductor of electricity?

What is the $C-C$ bond length in Graphite?

What are Fullerenes?

How many hexagon and pentagon rings are in $C_{60}$?

What is the hybridization of Carbon in Fullerenes?

Which allotrope of Carbon is thermodynamically most stable?

What is Graphene?

Why is Carbon's maximum covalency limited to four?

What is the acidity trend for Group 14 dioxides?

Which Group 14 dioxides are amphoteric?

What happens when $SiH_4$ reacts with air?

What is the stability trend for Group 14 tetrahalides?

What is the product of hydrolysis of $SiCl_4$?

What is "Water gas" or "Synthesis gas"?

What is "Producer gas"?

Why is Carbon Monoxide ($CO$) poisonous?

What is "Dry Ice"?

What is the structure of Silica ($SiO_2$)?

What percentage of the Earth's crust is made of Silica and silicates?

What are Silicones?

Which silicone monomer forms cross-linked polymers?

What is used to terminate the chain in silicone polymerization?

What is the basic unit of all silicates?

Give an example of an Orthosilicate.

What is the discrete unit in Pyrosilicates?

How many oxygen atoms are shared in Cyclic Silicates?

What is the formula of the cyclic silicate ion with three $Si$ atoms?

Which Group 13 element has a poor shielding effect of d-electrons?